Son la 1.42 al y todo esta muy tranquilo por este lado del mundo. Pero en el otro lado esta muy activo y nadie sabe (solo Dios) lo que pasaría hoy.
Agradezco a Jesucristo por este nuevo día que por Su gracia me dio. Estoy un poco agripado pero vivo.
La verdad que amo a mi familia y me siento agradecido de Dios.
Vivir un día a la vez significa que hoy te enfocarás en lo que haces y lo disfrutaras sin que nada te perturbe. Darás lo mejor de ti. Realizarás tus actividades lo mejor posible y no desperdiciará el tiempo.
Vivir un día a la vez es un resultado de una acción enfocada. Cada parte de tu cuerpo en armonía. Al unísono. Ora. Lee la Biblia. Comienza tu día con Dios y el guiará tus pasos.
Js Greg.
viernes, 21 de octubre de 2016
lunes, 10 de marzo de 2014
SICTA: SITUACIONES DEL CONTROL DE TRANSITO AEREO.
SICTA: SITUACIONES DEL CONTROL DE TRANSITO AEREO.
SITUACIÓN 1. CONDICIONES METEOROLOGICAS ADVERSAS
IMC: Símbolo utilizado para designar las condiciones meteorológicas de vuelo por instrumentos.
Condiciones meteorológicas de vuelo por instrumentos (IMC):
Condiciones meteorológicas expresadas en términos de visibilidad, distancia desde las nubes y techo de nubes, inferiores a los mínimos especificados para las condiciones meteorológicas de vuelo visual.
Cuando exista suspensión por IMC para operaciones VFR será cuando:
-Las operaciones VFR se suspenderán cuando el techo de nubes sea menor de 1500 pies y la visibilidad es menor de 5 kilómetros.
QUE HACER?
INFORMAR A: INFORMAR AL APP:
-APP La variación del viento.
-FIC
-MDBJ
-Supervisor ACC
INFORMAR A LAS AERONAVES VFR: Las operaciones son suspendidas debido a condiciones IMC
QUE hacer cuando hay vientos de 15 a 20 nudos o más?
Cuando el techo de nubes no está por debajo de los 1500 pies y la visibilidad no es menor de los 5km pero los vientos son mayores de 20: Informar a todas las aeronaves IFR y VFR y
Confirmar Intenciones.
Si los vuelos VFR deciden salir bajo condiciones IMC: a). Deben depositar en la oficina del FIS un plan de vuelo IFR, b). Confirmar si tienen los instrumentos para volar IFR.
INFORMAR A APP Y AL FIC: Ubicación precisa del fenómeno atmosférico.
PEDIR INFORMACIÓN A METEOROLOGIA DEL FENOMENO Y NUBES
SOLICITAR A LA AERONAVE QUE NOTIFIQUE EN EL AIRE.
NOTAS:
Rodaje con escasa visibilidad:
Se le pide a la aeronave un informe de progreso de rodaje, donde la aeronave notificara su posición al llegar a cada punto. Ejemplo: Notifique establecido en el punto de espera A, pista 17.
Cada aeronave se rueda, una a la vez con la finalidad de proporcionar separación.
Encendido de luces del aeródromo: Ante condiciones meteorológicas de escasa visibilidad y/o oscurece, se encienden las luces de la pista y Beacon.
EJEMPLO DE FRASEOLOGIA UTILIZADA.
HI851 Mantenga posición debido a condición meteorológica, como información visibilidad reducida a 4 kilómetros debido a lluvia fuerte.
HI851 Mantenga posición, operaciones VFR han sido suspendidas debido a condiciones IMC, como información, visibilidad reducida a 4 kilómetros.
A TODAS LAS ESTACIONES, TORRE AMERICAS, AEROPUERTO LAS AMERICAS, CERRADO POR CONDICIONES METEOROLOGICAS.
N434SB Hold position due IMC condition. As information visibility reduce 4 kilometers due heavy rain.
SICTA: SITUACIONES DEL CONTROL DE TRANSITO AEREO.
SITUACIÓN 2: BANDADA DE AVES (Flock of birds).
Generalmente al despegar una aeronave que vea aves, las notificara a la torre o la dependencia donde esté, la posición y el nivel donde las vio. Esa será la información que el controlador utilizara. Pero si esta información no la tenemos de fuentes externas, la torre se verá obligada a confirmar estos datos y notificar a los pilotos de la situación.
INFORMAR:
APP.
SUPERVISOR ACC.
OPERACIONES O6. (para que lo espante).
SOLICITAR A O6: Tiempo de demora estimado.
Nota: Dar información a las aeronaves.
FRASEOLOGIA:
HI228. Como información, bandadas de aves a 500 pies sobre la calle de rodaje D, confirme intenciones.
HI228. As information flock of birds, surface 005 feet over D taxy way, confirm intentions.
Si es una aeronave que las observa.
ACSA090. Confirme altitud y posición de las aves?
JBU824. Could you confirm the altitude and position of those birds?
SITUACIÓN 1. CONDICIONES METEOROLOGICAS ADVERSAS
IMC: Símbolo utilizado para designar las condiciones meteorológicas de vuelo por instrumentos.
Condiciones meteorológicas de vuelo por instrumentos (IMC):
Condiciones meteorológicas expresadas en términos de visibilidad, distancia desde las nubes y techo de nubes, inferiores a los mínimos especificados para las condiciones meteorológicas de vuelo visual.
Cuando exista suspensión por IMC para operaciones VFR será cuando:
-Las operaciones VFR se suspenderán cuando el techo de nubes sea menor de 1500 pies y la visibilidad es menor de 5 kilómetros.
QUE HACER?
INFORMAR A: INFORMAR AL APP:
-APP La variación del viento.
-FIC
-MDBJ
-Supervisor ACC
INFORMAR A LAS AERONAVES VFR: Las operaciones son suspendidas debido a condiciones IMC
QUE hacer cuando hay vientos de 15 a 20 nudos o más?
Cuando el techo de nubes no está por debajo de los 1500 pies y la visibilidad no es menor de los 5km pero los vientos son mayores de 20: Informar a todas las aeronaves IFR y VFR y
Confirmar Intenciones.
Si los vuelos VFR deciden salir bajo condiciones IMC: a). Deben depositar en la oficina del FIS un plan de vuelo IFR, b). Confirmar si tienen los instrumentos para volar IFR.
INFORMAR A APP Y AL FIC: Ubicación precisa del fenómeno atmosférico.
PEDIR INFORMACIÓN A METEOROLOGIA DEL FENOMENO Y NUBES
SOLICITAR A LA AERONAVE QUE NOTIFIQUE EN EL AIRE.
NOTAS:
Rodaje con escasa visibilidad:
Se le pide a la aeronave un informe de progreso de rodaje, donde la aeronave notificara su posición al llegar a cada punto. Ejemplo: Notifique establecido en el punto de espera A, pista 17.
Cada aeronave se rueda, una a la vez con la finalidad de proporcionar separación.
Encendido de luces del aeródromo: Ante condiciones meteorológicas de escasa visibilidad y/o oscurece, se encienden las luces de la pista y Beacon.
EJEMPLO DE FRASEOLOGIA UTILIZADA.
HI851 Mantenga posición debido a condición meteorológica, como información visibilidad reducida a 4 kilómetros debido a lluvia fuerte.
HI851 Mantenga posición, operaciones VFR han sido suspendidas debido a condiciones IMC, como información, visibilidad reducida a 4 kilómetros.
A TODAS LAS ESTACIONES, TORRE AMERICAS, AEROPUERTO LAS AMERICAS, CERRADO POR CONDICIONES METEOROLOGICAS.
N434SB Hold position due IMC condition. As information visibility reduce 4 kilometers due heavy rain.
SICTA: SITUACIONES DEL CONTROL DE TRANSITO AEREO.
SITUACIÓN 2: BANDADA DE AVES (Flock of birds).
Generalmente al despegar una aeronave que vea aves, las notificara a la torre o la dependencia donde esté, la posición y el nivel donde las vio. Esa será la información que el controlador utilizara. Pero si esta información no la tenemos de fuentes externas, la torre se verá obligada a confirmar estos datos y notificar a los pilotos de la situación.
INFORMAR:
APP.
SUPERVISOR ACC.
OPERACIONES O6. (para que lo espante).
SOLICITAR A O6: Tiempo de demora estimado.
Nota: Dar información a las aeronaves.
FRASEOLOGIA:
HI228. Como información, bandadas de aves a 500 pies sobre la calle de rodaje D, confirme intenciones.
HI228. As information flock of birds, surface 005 feet over D taxy way, confirm intentions.
Si es una aeronave que las observa.
ACSA090. Confirme altitud y posición de las aves?
JBU824. Could you confirm the altitude and position of those birds?
jueves, 30 de enero de 2014
He vivido
Un corta reflexión.
La vida es por causa de Jesucristo, Dios nos la dio por medio de Su Hijo. Es importante valorarla. Es imortante crecer e innovar y tener metas para que tenga sentido. Nunca nos olvidemos de la gente, y tratemos de ayudar a quien lo necesite. La vida es un regalo, y Jesús es nuestro medio para disfrutarla plenamente. Jesús dijo: "Yo soy el canino, la verdad y la vida y nadie llega al Padre si no es por mí"
Feliz día.
J. Gregory Padilla
La vida es por causa de Jesucristo, Dios nos la dio por medio de Su Hijo. Es importante valorarla. Es imortante crecer e innovar y tener metas para que tenga sentido. Nunca nos olvidemos de la gente, y tratemos de ayudar a quien lo necesite. La vida es un regalo, y Jesús es nuestro medio para disfrutarla plenamente. Jesús dijo: "Yo soy el canino, la verdad y la vida y nadie llega al Padre si no es por mí"
Feliz día.
J. Gregory Padilla
miércoles, 27 de noviembre de 2013
Leyes de la escritura a mano
1ª Ley. “Ninguna escritura es idéntica a otra. Cada individuo posee una escritura
característica, que se diferencia de las demás y que es posible reconocer” (Crepieux
-Jamin. 1930)
característica, que se diferencia de las demás y que es posible reconocer” (Crepieux
-Jamin. 1930)
2ª Ley. “El movimiento escritural está sometido al influencia inmediata del cerebro”
(Solange
-
Pellat, 1927)
3ª Ley. “Cuando uno escribe el yo está en acción, pero el sentimiento casi inconsciente
de esta actuación pasa por alternativas continuas de intensidad y debilidad. Adquiere el
máximo de intensidad cuando tiene que realizar un esfuerzo, es decir, en los co
mienzos,
y el mínimo cuando el movimiento de la escritura viene secundado por el impulso
adquirido o sea en los finales” (Solange
-
Pellat, 1927)
4ª Ley. “No se puede modificar voluntariamente la escritura natural mas que dejando en
su trazado la señal del
esfuerzo realizado para lograr el cambio”
jueves, 13 de junio de 2013
jueves, 2 de mayo de 2013
Dessalines Invasion
Invasion of Dessalines
February 16, 1805, Haitian armies under the command of the country's president John Jacob Dessalines, then invaded the French part of the island in order to carry out the mandate to make it one and indivisible. Reasons for foreign policy and national security of the Haitian state, newly founded in 1804, it led invasion was not possible for the new republic think its viability when the French, who had become independent, they could use the territory of the French as a basis for future actions against Haitian sovereignty.
Operations began on the 16th, but it was not until 22 Haitians marched the armies of The Mahogany to Las Matas. The first hostilities between Haitian and French troops took place on the 28th, between San Juan de la Maguana and Azua.
On March 6 the Haitian army reached Galá, distant about 4 miles from the city where he established the imperial Canton. The next day, the defenders of the Plaza de Santo Domingo began to bombard the Haitian advanced and began the siege of the city that would last until the 29th that Haitians, considering that fresh troops had landed by the fleet French takes five large vessels in sight of the city, decided to leave the area and go to defend their positions in Haiti.
The Haitians were trying to avoid being caught by the French troops, landing in different parts of the country could cut off his retreat to Dessalines black troops. At the site of Santo Domingo were scenes of true heroism by elements of both armies that will be remembered as a true warrior exploits.
In the process of this retreat is when events occur that encourage feelings of Dominicans to the neighboring state.
Given that during the process of Haitian independence was used by nationals of that country's policy of "scorched earth" through which burned and desolated all property that could be useful to the enemy, including food , cattle and people, the Haitian invaders applied the same policy with the Dominicans, who favored the French domination posed to his, and made acquaintances beheadings of Moca and Santiago, next to the fire of other cities and herds.
As explained in the report of the Chief and General Staff Bazelais, "under SM final instructions left several generals, they pushed before them the rest of the people, animals and beasts. Both the Haiti and in the Dominican ... burned down towns, villages, herds and cities led to the devastation everywhere, iron and fire, and not spare it for individuals intended to be driven SM as prisoners ".
The memory of these episodes marked beheadings and collective consciousness of Dominicans twenty-two years of Haitian rule have only reaffirm.
Journal Dessalines Campaign
(Excerpt)
The Emperor, at the head of his staff took the field on February 16.
The 19, S. M. intimated Fan commanders of Lamatte, Neiba and San Juan to recognize his authority and prepare a necessary amount of food and horses.
On the night of 24 to 25, gave the order to advance to San Juan ... and 25, at three in the afternoon, the army, divided into three columns entered the square, which had been evacuated.
On the 27th, at 6 am, was ordered out to Azua. We had not walked three leagues, when the squadron leader Barthelemy, preceding the forefront, made three Spanish prisoners, who drove to SMI They told us not far from there was an entrenched camp, commanded by a French officer named Wiet. An hour later we saw the camp Wiet.
The enemy, who had hitherto kept a profound silence, determined not to fire on us but at close range, began his fire and dumped on us both guns with shrapnel. Then the battle began.
On the 4th, at two in the afternoon, it was half a league of Bani. The army. entered him in the highest order, not finding anyone there. That was when S. M. was fully convinced that the Spanish were completely natural defeated the French and therefore were unworthy of the lucky longer effects of his mercy.
On day 6, at dawn, the army was ordered to continue the march. We arrived at midnight to stay Gaillard (Galá) distant a league and a quarter of the city of Santo Domingo. S. M. set there his imperial Canton. and demanded written Ferrand and the inhabitants of the city, being handed the square and to submit to his authority, at dusk, the enemy burned the town of San Carlos.
The 25th. S. M. made the order to the commanders of the various conquered common to gather all the people and reduce them to prison, so that your first order them trampled by mules and other animals, to reach the Haitian. On the 27th, at three in the afternoon, General Geffrard Pétion and caught the attention of SM on a French division of five large ships, three frigates, two brigs and other warships ... On the 28th, in the morning the troops began to disembark.
The Emperor, realizing, for the arrival of this division. knowing that two teams were ready to get out of the ports of France, to an unknown destination, warned (to) prepare against new attempts he would do produce the conclusion of peace in Europe. Calculating that a greater delay would expose his army taking the next overflow of rivers, which would make impracticable removal. Accordingly, the commanders gave the order to evacuate the country, and at two in the afternoon, the cavalry was spread everywhere, destroying and burning everything in its path.
The War of Reconquer
Under the last instructions of S. M. left several generals, they pushed before them the rest of the people, animals and beasts. Both the Haitian and Dominican when the beasts says understands horses and mules and cattle never was in the fields, burned down towns, villages, herds and cities led to the devastation everywhere, iron and fire, and not spare it for individuals by SM to be taken as prisoners.
To comply with what was agreed in the Treaty of Basel, the French armies reached the east side of the island, some people rebelled and fought, others agreed and supported the French. On all the inhabitants of the ruling classes of the former Spanish colony, gave him their support primarily for the restoration of these imposed slavery.
But later, some of the measures implemented by Ferrand were not to his liking, because they went against the interests of cattlemen. This resulted in the initiation of a liberation movement anti-French, which was called the Reconquista.
It was started by Ciriaco Ramirez, who began to mobilize the people of Azua to attack French troops. They were joined by Juan Sanchez Ramirez in the Cibao.
Ferrand to learn of the insurrection, attacked in battle of Palo Hincado call for having fought in the savannah of the name. Ferrand was defeated and to be lost, ended his life in the same place.
They were then both sides: that of Ciriaco Ramirez representing the emerging middle class and representing Ramirez Sanchez hatero sector. None could agree the fate of the colony.
To determine this, we convened an assembly in Bondillo, which is historically known as Bondillo Board in approving: the King Ferdinand VII recognized as sovereign of the colony conquered, unaware the Treaty of Basel and appoint as acting governor Sanchez Ramirez.French troops vacated the territory and thus was intended to be a colony again Spanish, this is the period known as Spain Boba.
The Bondillo´s Board
The Dominican-Spanish besieged the city of Santo Domingo, which was under the command of French General Du Barquier. Delegates from several Spanish cities of Santo Domingo met in Bondillo, Bayonne, Manoguayabo place near the December 13, 1808, to decide the political future of the eastern part of the island.
Two propositions were discussed. A hatero supported by the sector and its leader Juan Sanchez Ramirez, which was advocated by the reinstatement of the rule Spanish Santo Domingo as Spanish colony, and the other, by Ciriaco Ramirez and Cibao tobacco and traders in the which advocated the declaration of independence. It was decided that the Santo Domingo Spanish would be a colony of Spain, was recognized as king Fernando VII, and was appointed Governor Juan Sanchez Ramirez.
The hateros imposed their will, by having a greater number of delegates, and as the sector with the greatest economic, social and political at the time. Being England at war with France, in March 1809 one British naval squadron permanently began a blockade of the port of Santo Domingo, to prevent French ships llevasen weapons, ammunition, reinforcements, medicine and food to the soldiers under the command Du Barquier were being besieged since November 1808 on land by the Dominican-Spanish.
This site along the French troops forced to eat horses, parrots, dogs, donkeys, cats, mice and a flour extracted from a tuber that Dominicans call guáyiga, whose scientific name is Zamia debilis. The site made them irresistible so the July 11, 1809 surrendered to Major General Hugh Lyle Carmichael English. Thus ended Dominicans period that historians call the Age of France in Santo Domingo. He had begun with the arrival of the Napoleonic military expedition to the Bay of Samana, on January 29, 1802.
Agreements Bondillo Board
After Bondillo Board held, which was directed by Creole Ramirez Sanchez, who was supported by the elite of the colony and military bureaucracy who got time to approve the following actions: repeal the Treaty of Basel, appointed Captain General and internal governor Sanchez Ramirez, recognize Ferdinand VII as king and Back to depend on Spain, and demands that the British did after giving support to pull Ferrand Creoles of power begins in Santo Domingo, the period of Spain Boba in Dominican history.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Book: "Historia Dominicana"
Or: "La otra historia dominicana" de Frank Moya Pons
February 16, 1805, Haitian armies under the command of the country's president John Jacob Dessalines, then invaded the French part of the island in order to carry out the mandate to make it one and indivisible. Reasons for foreign policy and national security of the Haitian state, newly founded in 1804, it led invasion was not possible for the new republic think its viability when the French, who had become independent, they could use the territory of the French as a basis for future actions against Haitian sovereignty.
Operations began on the 16th, but it was not until 22 Haitians marched the armies of The Mahogany to Las Matas. The first hostilities between Haitian and French troops took place on the 28th, between San Juan de la Maguana and Azua.
On March 6 the Haitian army reached Galá, distant about 4 miles from the city where he established the imperial Canton. The next day, the defenders of the Plaza de Santo Domingo began to bombard the Haitian advanced and began the siege of the city that would last until the 29th that Haitians, considering that fresh troops had landed by the fleet French takes five large vessels in sight of the city, decided to leave the area and go to defend their positions in Haiti.
The Haitians were trying to avoid being caught by the French troops, landing in different parts of the country could cut off his retreat to Dessalines black troops. At the site of Santo Domingo were scenes of true heroism by elements of both armies that will be remembered as a true warrior exploits.
In the process of this retreat is when events occur that encourage feelings of Dominicans to the neighboring state.
Given that during the process of Haitian independence was used by nationals of that country's policy of "scorched earth" through which burned and desolated all property that could be useful to the enemy, including food , cattle and people, the Haitian invaders applied the same policy with the Dominicans, who favored the French domination posed to his, and made acquaintances beheadings of Moca and Santiago, next to the fire of other cities and herds.
As explained in the report of the Chief and General Staff Bazelais, "under SM final instructions left several generals, they pushed before them the rest of the people, animals and beasts. Both the Haiti and in the Dominican ... burned down towns, villages, herds and cities led to the devastation everywhere, iron and fire, and not spare it for individuals intended to be driven SM as prisoners ".
The memory of these episodes marked beheadings and collective consciousness of Dominicans twenty-two years of Haitian rule have only reaffirm.
Journal Dessalines Campaign
(Excerpt)
The Emperor, at the head of his staff took the field on February 16.
The 19, S. M. intimated Fan commanders of Lamatte, Neiba and San Juan to recognize his authority and prepare a necessary amount of food and horses.
On the night of 24 to 25, gave the order to advance to San Juan ... and 25, at three in the afternoon, the army, divided into three columns entered the square, which had been evacuated.
On the 27th, at 6 am, was ordered out to Azua. We had not walked three leagues, when the squadron leader Barthelemy, preceding the forefront, made three Spanish prisoners, who drove to SMI They told us not far from there was an entrenched camp, commanded by a French officer named Wiet. An hour later we saw the camp Wiet.
The enemy, who had hitherto kept a profound silence, determined not to fire on us but at close range, began his fire and dumped on us both guns with shrapnel. Then the battle began.
On the 4th, at two in the afternoon, it was half a league of Bani. The army. entered him in the highest order, not finding anyone there. That was when S. M. was fully convinced that the Spanish were completely natural defeated the French and therefore were unworthy of the lucky longer effects of his mercy.
On day 6, at dawn, the army was ordered to continue the march. We arrived at midnight to stay Gaillard (Galá) distant a league and a quarter of the city of Santo Domingo. S. M. set there his imperial Canton. and demanded written Ferrand and the inhabitants of the city, being handed the square and to submit to his authority, at dusk, the enemy burned the town of San Carlos.
The 25th. S. M. made the order to the commanders of the various conquered common to gather all the people and reduce them to prison, so that your first order them trampled by mules and other animals, to reach the Haitian. On the 27th, at three in the afternoon, General Geffrard Pétion and caught the attention of SM on a French division of five large ships, three frigates, two brigs and other warships ... On the 28th, in the morning the troops began to disembark.
The Emperor, realizing, for the arrival of this division. knowing that two teams were ready to get out of the ports of France, to an unknown destination, warned (to) prepare against new attempts he would do produce the conclusion of peace in Europe. Calculating that a greater delay would expose his army taking the next overflow of rivers, which would make impracticable removal. Accordingly, the commanders gave the order to evacuate the country, and at two in the afternoon, the cavalry was spread everywhere, destroying and burning everything in its path.
The War of Reconquer
Under the last instructions of S. M. left several generals, they pushed before them the rest of the people, animals and beasts. Both the Haitian and Dominican when the beasts says understands horses and mules and cattle never was in the fields, burned down towns, villages, herds and cities led to the devastation everywhere, iron and fire, and not spare it for individuals by SM to be taken as prisoners.
To comply with what was agreed in the Treaty of Basel, the French armies reached the east side of the island, some people rebelled and fought, others agreed and supported the French. On all the inhabitants of the ruling classes of the former Spanish colony, gave him their support primarily for the restoration of these imposed slavery.
But later, some of the measures implemented by Ferrand were not to his liking, because they went against the interests of cattlemen. This resulted in the initiation of a liberation movement anti-French, which was called the Reconquista.
It was started by Ciriaco Ramirez, who began to mobilize the people of Azua to attack French troops. They were joined by Juan Sanchez Ramirez in the Cibao.
Ferrand to learn of the insurrection, attacked in battle of Palo Hincado call for having fought in the savannah of the name. Ferrand was defeated and to be lost, ended his life in the same place.
They were then both sides: that of Ciriaco Ramirez representing the emerging middle class and representing Ramirez Sanchez hatero sector. None could agree the fate of the colony.
To determine this, we convened an assembly in Bondillo, which is historically known as Bondillo Board in approving: the King Ferdinand VII recognized as sovereign of the colony conquered, unaware the Treaty of Basel and appoint as acting governor Sanchez Ramirez.French troops vacated the territory and thus was intended to be a colony again Spanish, this is the period known as Spain Boba.
The Bondillo´s Board
The Dominican-Spanish besieged the city of Santo Domingo, which was under the command of French General Du Barquier. Delegates from several Spanish cities of Santo Domingo met in Bondillo, Bayonne, Manoguayabo place near the December 13, 1808, to decide the political future of the eastern part of the island.
Two propositions were discussed. A hatero supported by the sector and its leader Juan Sanchez Ramirez, which was advocated by the reinstatement of the rule Spanish Santo Domingo as Spanish colony, and the other, by Ciriaco Ramirez and Cibao tobacco and traders in the which advocated the declaration of independence. It was decided that the Santo Domingo Spanish would be a colony of Spain, was recognized as king Fernando VII, and was appointed Governor Juan Sanchez Ramirez.
The hateros imposed their will, by having a greater number of delegates, and as the sector with the greatest economic, social and political at the time. Being England at war with France, in March 1809 one British naval squadron permanently began a blockade of the port of Santo Domingo, to prevent French ships llevasen weapons, ammunition, reinforcements, medicine and food to the soldiers under the command Du Barquier were being besieged since November 1808 on land by the Dominican-Spanish.
This site along the French troops forced to eat horses, parrots, dogs, donkeys, cats, mice and a flour extracted from a tuber that Dominicans call guáyiga, whose scientific name is Zamia debilis. The site made them irresistible so the July 11, 1809 surrendered to Major General Hugh Lyle Carmichael English. Thus ended Dominicans period that historians call the Age of France in Santo Domingo. He had begun with the arrival of the Napoleonic military expedition to the Bay of Samana, on January 29, 1802.
Agreements Bondillo Board
After Bondillo Board held, which was directed by Creole Ramirez Sanchez, who was supported by the elite of the colony and military bureaucracy who got time to approve the following actions: repeal the Treaty of Basel, appointed Captain General and internal governor Sanchez Ramirez, recognize Ferdinand VII as king and Back to depend on Spain, and demands that the British did after giving support to pull Ferrand Creoles of power begins in Santo Domingo, the period of Spain Boba in Dominican history.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Book: "Historia Dominicana"
Or: "La otra historia dominicana" de Frank Moya Pons
viernes, 9 de noviembre de 2012
TIPOS DE VDL - CLASIFICACION DE VDL
TIPOS DE VDL
OACI VDL MODO 1
El AMCP OACI definido este modo para fines de validación. Era el mismo que el VDL en Modo 2, excepto que se utilizó el mismo enlace VHF, como VHF ACARS por lo que podría ser implementado usando radios analógicos antes se completara la implementación de VHF Radio Digital. El AMCP OACI completado la validación de VDL en Modos 1 y 2 en 1994, después de que el Modo 1 ya no era necesario se ha eliminado de los estándares de la OACI.
OACI VDL Modo 2
El modo de la OACI VDL 2 es la versión principal de VDL. Se ha implementado en un enlace de Eurocontrol 2000 + programa que lo soporta y se especifica como el eslabón primario de la unión europea cielo único europeo regla adoptada en enero de 2009 que requieren todos los nuevos aviones que vuelan en Europa 1 de enero de 2014 para ser equipado con CPDLC.
Antes de la aplicación CPDLC, VDL Modo 2 ya ha sido implementado en aproximadamente 2000 aviones para transportar mensajes ACARS simplificar la adición de CPDLC. Las redes de estaciones terrestres que prestan servicio VDL Modo 2 se han desplegado por ARINC y SITA con diferentes niveles de cobertura.
La norma de la OACI para el VDL en Modo 2 especifica tres capas, la subred, enlace y las capas físicas. La capa de subred cumple con los requisitos de la OACI red de telecomunicaciones aeronáuticas (ATN) estándar que especifica un protocolo de extremo a extremo de datos a utilizar en varias subredes aire-tierra y tierra incluyendo VDL.
El VDL Modo 2 Capa de enlace se compone de dos subcapas, un servicio de enlace de datos y un acceso a los medios de control de subcapa (MAC). El protocolo de enlace de datos se basa en las normas ISO utilizados para el acceso telefónico a HDLC X.25 redes. Se proporciona aeronave con un establecimiento del enlace positivo a una estación en tierra y define un esquema de direccionamiento para las estaciones terrestres. El protocolo MAC es una versión de acceso Carrier Sense Multiple (CSMA).
OACI VDL Modo 3
La norma de la OACI para VDL Modo 3 define un protocolo que estipula el avión con las dos comunicaciones de datos y voz digitalizada que ha sido definido por la FAA de EE.UU. con el apoyo de Mitre. El soporte de voz digitalizada hizo el Modo 3 protocolo mucho más complejo que el VDL en Modo 2. Los paquetes de datos y de voz digitalizadas ir en el Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) dentro de las plazas asignadas por las estaciones terrestres. La FAA implementó un prototipo de sistema alrededor de 2003, pero no logró convencer a las compañías aéreas a instalar VDL Modo 3 aviónica y en 2004 abandonó su implementación.
OACI VDL Modo 4
La norma de la OACI para VDL Modo 4 especifica un protocolo para permitir a aeronaves para intercambiar datos con estaciones en tierra y otras aeronaves.
VDL en Modo 4 utiliza un protocolo (Self-organized Time Division Multiple Access, STDMA , inventado por el sueco Håkan Lans en 1988) que permite que sea auto-organización, es decir, no estación terrestre principal se requiere. Esto hizo que fuera mucho más sencillo de implementar que el VDL en Modo 3.
En noviembre de 2001, este protocolo fue aprobado por la OACI como un estándar global. Su función principal era servir de VHF frecuencia capa física para ADS-B transmisiones. Sin embargo, fue superado como el enlace de la ADS-B en el modo de funcionamiento S enlace radar en la banda de 1090 que fue seleccionado como el enlace principal de la Conferencia de Navegación Aérea de la OACI en 2003.
El VDL Modo 4 medio también se puede utilizar para el intercambio aire-tierra. Lo mejor es utilizado para transmisiones de mensajes cortos entre un gran número de usuarios, por ejemplo proporcionando conocimiento de la situación, Digital Gestión de Información Aeronáutica ( AIM-D ), etc.
Del tráfico aéreo europeo ensayos modernización de la gestión han implementado ADS-B y el intercambio aire-tierra con sistemas VDL Modo 4. Sin embargo en las aeronaves de transporte aéreo de las implementaciones operacionales de la ADS-B utilizarán el Modo S y de enlace CPDLC usará el VDL en Modo 2.
CUALES SON LOS VDL APROVADOS POR LA OACI
Los VDL aprobados por la OACI para uso en las aeronaves comerciales son el VDL modo son 3 y 4. (Ver anexo 10, Vol 5, 4.1.2.2.3) pero la OACI en sus documentos, también nos orienta sobre la operatividad del VDL modo 2, donde según pude investigar en Wikipedia (ver ref. que es VDL, mas arriba) que el VDL Modo 2 es el único modo aplicando operacionalmente para apoyar las Comunicaciones de enlace de datos de controlador piloto (CPDLC). Es decir que también es operacional.
PROCESOS DE COMUNICACIONES DEL AVION INCLUYENDO EL VDL
ENLACE DIGITAL VHF (VDL)
Enlace digital en VHF (VDL). Subred móvil constituyente de la red de telecomunicaciones aeronáuticas (ATN), que funciona en la banda de frecuencias VHF móviles aeronáuticas. Además, el VDL puede proporcionar funciones ajenas a la ATN, tales como, por ejemplo, la voz digitalizada. (Anexo 10 Volumen 1)
DATOS Y REQUISITOS DE LOS VDL APROVADOS POR LA OACI
Hasta el 1 de enero de 2005 por lo menos, el equipo DSB-AM diseñado especialmente para una separación de 25 kHz entre canales se salvaguardará dada su idoneidad para el servicio móvil aeronáutico (R) [SMA(R)], excepto en las regiones o áreas en las que por acuerdos regionales se permita el uso de equipo especialmente diseñado para la separación de 8,33 kHz entre canales o para VDL Modo 3 cuando se utilice en las comunicaciones orales aire-tierra.
Los requisitos de llevar a bordo obligatoriamente equipo diseñado especialmente para el VDL Modo 3 y VDL Modo 4 se establecerán en virtud de acuerdos regionales de navegación aérea en los que se especifique el espacio aéreo en que se aplicarán y el calendario de fechas de implantación para llevar a bordo el equipo, incluido el plazo de preparación apropiado.
Hasta el 1 de enero de 2010 por lo menos, el equipo diseñado específicamente según los SARPS relativos al VDL Modo 3 y VDL Modo 4 se salvaguardará, dada su idoneidad, para el SMA(R).
Canal común de señalización. La frecuencia 136,975 MHz se reserva a nivel mundial para proporcionar un canal común de señalización (CSC) para el enlace digital VHF (VDL) en Modo VDL. Este CSC utiliza el esquema de modulación VDL en Modo 2 y acceso múltiple por detección de la portadora (CSMA).
Cuando sean insuficientes para satisfacer los requisitos de una región todos los canales de los Grupos A, B, C, D y E de la lista en (Anexo 10, 4.1.8.1.2,) puede designarse una o varias partes de la banda de forma que contengan canales de anchura de 8,33 kHz, o en apoyo del VDL Modo 3. Por lo que respecta a las partes de la banda que contengan canales de anchura de 8,33 kHz, las frecuencias apropiadas del Grupo F deberían ser utilizadas de conformidad con 4.1.8.1.1.1 y 4.1.8.1.2.
CONCLUSION
Después de verificar por los documentos de la OACI y otras fuentes que el modo 1 y 2 no se usan, como los actuales VDL categoría 3 y 4.
El futuro del VDL puede ser provisorio para la navegación aérea que permitiré y permitirá manejar informaciones que ayudaran a la seguridad y automatización total de los sistemas de información de datos para una navegación aérea más fluida y eficiente.
Y que todo lo que respecta a este equipo en el uso de la aviación se describen en la dirección de internet:
Referencias:
ICAO Anexo 10. Vol 5 Cap. 4
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